SPE 118944 A Multi-Continuum Model for Gas Production in Tight Fractured Reservoirs

Tight gas reservoirs are characterized by single-phase (gas) or two-phase (gas and liquid) flow in extremely low-permeability, highly heterogeneous porous/fractured, and stress-sensitive rock. Gas flow in such tight formations is further complicated by other co-existing processes, such as Klinkenberg effect, non-Newtonian or non-Darcy flow behavior, due to strong interaction between fluid molecules and solid materials within tiny pores, or microand macrofractures. Because of the low permeability in tight rock, the traditional double-porosity model may not be applicable for handling fracture-matrix interaction of gas flow in these reservoirs. In this work, we present a generalized mathematical model for simulating multiphase flow of gas in tight, porous/fractured reservoirs using a more general, multi-continuum modeling approach. The model incorporates the following processes: (1) Klinkenberg effect, (2) non-Newtonian behavior (i.e., threshold pressure gradient for flow to occur); (3) non-Darcy flow with inertial effects; and (4) rock deformation due to changes in the stress field. We propose to explicitly separate effects of rock mechanical deformation and molecular interaction between fluids and rock materials. The former effect is included using the intrinsic permeability and porosity relations, while the latter is accounted for by an apparent viscosity for non-Newtonian, non-Darcy’s behavior, or a modified permeability for Klinkenberg effect The proposed mathematical model has been implemented into a multiphase, multidimensional reservoir simulator. In the numerical model, specifically, a control-volume, integral finite-difference method is used for spatial discretization with an unstructured grid, and a first-order finite-difference scheme is adapted for temporal discretization of governing two-phase flow equations in tight gas reservoirs. The resulting discrete nonlinear equations are solved fully implicitly by Newton iteration. The numerical scheme has been verified against analytical solutions with Klinkenberg effect, non-Newtonian or non-Darcy flow, and flow in deformable fractured rock in our previous studies. The model’s application to actual tight gas reservoirs is an on-going research project. Introduction Since the 1960s, significant progress has been made in modeling of flow and transport processes in fractured rock. Driven by the increasing need to develop petroleum, geothermal, and other natural underground energy resources and to study the problem of subsurface contamination, researchers have developed several numerical modeling approaches and techniques (Barenblatt et al. 1960; Warren and Root, 1963; Kazemi, 1969; Pruess and Narasimhan, 1985). Numerical modeling approaches, developed in the past few decades, rely in general on continuum approaches and involve developing conceptual models, incorporating the geometrical information of a given fracture-matrix system, setting up mass and energy conservation equations for fracture-matrix domains, and then solving discrete nonlinear algebraic equations. The key issue for simulating flow in fractured rock, however, is how to handle fracture-matrix interaction under different flow conditions. To model fracture-matrix interaction in fractured porous media, investigators have developed and applied many different conceptual models and modeling approaches for dealing with fracture-matrix interaction, including: (1) an explicit discretefracture and matrix model (e.g., Snow, 1965), (2) the dual-continuum method, including doubleand multiporosity, dualpermeability, or the more general ―multiple interacting continua‖ (MINC) method (Barenblatt et al. 1960; Warren and Root, 1963; Kazemi, 1969; Pruess and Narasimhan, 1985; Wu and Pruess, 1988), and (3) the effective-continuum method (ECM) (Wu, 2000). The explicit discrete-fracture approach is, in principle, a more rigorous model. However, the application of this method to field studies is still limited because of the computational intensity involved as well as the lack of detailed knowledge of